Зерно бобовых культур является не только хорошим источником белка для сельскохозяйственных животных, но протеин этих культур отличается высоким качеством и близок к кормам животного происхождения. В нем содержится значительное количество лизина и других незаменимых аминокислот. Вместе с тем, зерно бобовых содержит антипитательные факторы, снижающие переваримость и биологическую ценность протеина. Поэтому необходимо применять дополнительную обработку, обеспечивающую улучшение переваримости и биологическую ценность протеина.
Антипитательные вещества в зерне бобовых культур представлены различными соединениями, снижающими переваримость и создающие препятствия усвоению организмом животных белков, крахмала, минеральных веществ, а также обладающими токсическим и агглютинирующим действием.
Согласно литературным данным ингибиторы трипсина и химотринсина присутствуют во всех семенах зернобобовых культур. Однако количественное их содержание варьирует в широком диапазоне даже для одной культуры. Что касается люпина,то многими исследователями ингибиторы трипсина в нем не обнаружены, другими указывается на их присутствие только в некоторых сортах. Тем не менее, все отмечают пониженную расщепляемость белков люпина из-за образования нерастворимых белковых комплексов за счет сахароаминных связей. Фитиновая или инозитфосфорная кислота широко распространена в растениях. Негативная её роль заключается в том, что образуя нерастворимые соли с кальцием, магнием или цинком, она препятствует их усвоению организмом животного. Имеющаяся информация о количестве фитиновой кислоты в зернобобовых касается только гороха, что не исключает ее присутствия и в других культурах.
Пектины или фитогемагглютиниты, имеющие белков; природу, составляют, согласно литературным данным, 10-12% белка зернобобовых, или 2-3% от общей массы. В то же время имеются сведения, что люпин и горох содержат лектины в количествах, не влияющих на продуктивность животных.
При использовании зерна бобовых для пищевых целей их антипитательные свойства устраняются путем замачивании, пропаривания варки и с использованием других методов обработки. Использование в кормлении сельскохозяйственных животных и птицы зерна бобовых, в сыром виде, вызывает отрицательные явления, причиной которых служат антипитательные вещества, не разрушающиеся при механической обработке зерна. Улучшение пищевой ценности семян зернобобовых происходит при их гибротермической обработке.
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