Возможность выращивать рыбу в небольших водоемах (10-15 м2) для многих является достаточно привлекательной. Полностью понятные причины: если есть вода - должна быть и рыба. А если учесть искренний, живой интерес большинства людей к самой рыбе, становится понятно, что такое направление начнет развиваться, хотя рыбоводы-профессионалы относятся к нему достаточно скептически, чаще всего считая это занятие бесперспективным и ненужным. Но это утверждение не является верным.
Очевидно, рыбоводство в микроводоемах может сочетать подходы, принятые в промышленном рыбоводстве, и, как это не кажется неожиданным, - в аквариумном. С одной стороны, выращивание здесь рыбы с применением методов и принципов товарного рыбоводства связывает это направление с рыбоводством, из другого, ситуация, которая может складываться в микроводоеме, часто напоминает разведение рыбы в аквариуме.
Аквариумистам известно, что одно необдуманное или неумелое действие может привести к гибели всех жителей аквариума. Что-то подобное может происходить и в микроводоеме. Рыбоводство в водоемах, расположенных на приусадебных участках, является очень специфическим и требует больших усилий и смекалки, чем при выращивании рыбы в широких масштабах.
Масштабы выращивания рыбы в небольших водоемах незначительны - приблизительно несколько десятков килограммов. Следует отталкиваться от рыбоводческих нормативов, но кое-что откорректировать при этом в сторону увеличения можно. Ведь, хотя выращивание рыбы в небольшом водоеме трудоемко, но при условии получения необходимых навыков оно может оказаться хорошо управляемым, что существенно повысит его эффективность.
Пример первый выращивания рыбы в небольших водоёмах
В пределах стандартного участка площадью шесть соток можно построить небольшое озерцо и разводить в нем рыбу.
Такой водоем может иметь площадь всего 50 м2, быть произвольной конфигурации с глубиной 1-1,5 м. Заполняться она может фильтруемой подгрунтовой водой, которая приходит через слои фунту. В таком озерце можно удерживать карпа, карасей или линя. Весной можно высадить 50 экземпляров однолеток массой по 20 грамм, которые до осени вырастут до 200-300 грамм каждая, то есть в целом приблизительно 15 кг товарной рыбы.
Пример второй выращивания рыбы в небольших водоёмах
Водоем на участке обеспечивается проточной водой. Обмен воды в водоеме один раз за 15-20 дней. В таком озерце, кроме упомянутых выше рыб, можно ещё выращивать толстолобиков, белого амура. Карпа можно выращивать при условии кормления. До июня-июля его можно кормить комбикормом из расчета 3 кг корма на 1 кг прироста. С второй половины лета он может питаться зерном (пшеница, рожь).
Для выращивания лучше приобрести некондиционных двухлеток карпа индивидуальной массой 100 г, тогда можно вырастить рыбу до 800 г. Одновременно с карпом запускают толстолобика и белого амура. Водоем полностью будет вмещать 350 экз. карпа, 100 экз. толстолобика, 50 экз. белого амура.
При массе 100 г/экз. всего необходимо 50 кг мальков. Прирост за лето составит приблизительно 700 г на экземпляр. При естественном отходе приблизительно 20 рыб в озерце может вырасти: 0,7 кг/экз. х (500 - 20) екз. + (50 - 2) кг = 384 кг товарной рыбы. На такое количество рыбы нужно потратить одну тонную корму.
Некоторое количество рыбы придется реализовывать. Рентабельность составит 91%. Товарную рыбу можно получить и дешевле, если выращивать вместо карпа двухлеток белого амура начальной массой 300-500 г/экз. За сезон они вырастают до массы больше 1 кг, а в качестве корма могут использовать листья от овощей, лебеду и другую траву, которую следует вносить по мере поедания ежедневно. На 1 кг прироста - 40 - 50 кг растений. Иначе говоря, для доращивания указанных двухлеток до веса в 1 кг за все время кормления на одну особь припадет от 20 до 28 кг обычной травы (скошенной из газона, сорняков).
Подобных технологий много. Можно удерживать и выращивать других водных организмов: моллюсков, креветок, раков. Установлено, что в водоеме 20-50 м2 можно вырастить 10-15 видов рыб. При соблюдении технологических рекомендаций такой водоем может быть в 100 раз более производительным, чем естественное озеро размерами во много раз больше.
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